ورد ذكرهم بالقرأن..معلومات لا تعرفها عن المندائيون أتباع النبي يحيى بالعراق

يمتاز العراق منذ قديم الزمان بتعدد الديانات والقوميات والطوائف ويشكل العرب المسلمون الغالبية العظمى من سكان العراق الذين ينتشرون في مدن الرافدين من البصرة في الجنوب حتى الموصل شمالا.
ويشكل العرب ما نسبته 30 مليون نسمة من عدد سكان العراق البالغ 40 مليونا، بحسب وزارة التخطيط العراقية.
ويحل الأكراد في المرتبة الثانية من حيث عدد السكان حيث يبلغ عددهم حوالي 8 ملايين موزعين في عدة مدن ومحافظات أبرزها مدينة اربيل و السليمانية ودهوك والموصل وحلبجة وكركوك وديالى وواسط ويتخذون من شمال العراق موطنًا لهم.
اما التركمان فيحلون في المرتبة الثالثة وعددهم تقريبا مليون ونصف المليون موزعين في مدن كركوك وديالى وصلاح الدين.
في المرتبة الرابعة من حيث عدد السكان، تحل عدة مكونات كل مكون لا يزيد عن اكثر من مليون ونصف فقد قلت اعداهم بعد العام 2003 بسب الاوضاع الامنية وهجرة الكثير منهم خارج العراق خوفا على ارواحهم كالمسيحيين والايزيديين والكلدانيين والاشوريين وغيرهم من المكونات والطوائف الاخرى.
وفي المرتبة الأخيرة من الطوائف والمكونات العراقية من حيث عدد المنتمين لها هي ديانة منغلقة على نفسها وهي ديانة الصابئة المندائيين.

ماهي المندائية ؟
تعد الصابئة المندائية ديانة موحدة وهي ديانة غير تبشيرية، ولا تؤمن بدخول أحد إليها، وتحرم الزواج من خارج الديانة، ومن بين طقوسها الصلاة، والصوم، والصدقة، والتعميد وهو أحد أهم أركان هذه الديانة.
أما لغتهم فهي المندائية التي تنحدر من الآرامية، لكن قليلين جداً من يتحدثون بها، إذ أصبحت مقتصرةً على الكهان ورجال الدين، يتكلمون بها خلال الطقوس التعبدية.
وتعد الديانة المندائية واحدة من أقدم الديانات الموجودة التي عرفتها البشرية نشأت في أرض ما بين النهرين وتحديدا في جنوب العراق في مدينة أور والمناطق المعتدلة سهليا والقريبة من الاهوار والأنهار التي ترتبط طقوس هذه الديانة بها. وتعتبر مدينة ميسان عاصمة “مقدسة” للصابئة، حيث توجد فيها الموارد الطبيعية الملائمة لإحياء طقوسهم كالأسماك والطيور فضلاً عن الأنهار التي ترتبط بهذه الديانة بصلةً وثيقةً في تطهير الأنفس من الخطايا.

المندائية والإسلام 
وذكر القرآن الصابئة في ثلاثٍ من سوره، وهي الحج والبقرة والمائدة، ويلفت بعض الباحثين إلى أنه من الصعب أن يُعرف للديانة المندائية مؤسّس، وهذه الخاصية ميزتهم عن اليهودية والمسيحية والمانوية وحتى الإسلام وغيرها من الديانات العالمية. ومن كتبهم المقدسة، كتاب “الكنزا ربا” أي الكتاب العظيم، ويحتوي على صحف الأنبياء الذين يؤمنون بهم كآدم وشيت وإدريس ويحيى. ان من يدرس كتاب المندائيين “كنزاربا”، ويقارنه بنصوص القرآن، ويدرس فقههم ويقارنه بالفقه الإسلامي، سيجد الموافقة واضحةً بين الديانتين.
وما يميز الصابئة عن الطوائف الأخرى هو تشبثهم المتين بطقوسهم منذ أكثر من ألفي عام حتى اليوم. ورغم التغير الذي يطرأ على الأديان بفعل الكتب السماوية فإنهم تمركزوا حول طقوس واحدة لم ولن تتغير.

الكتاب المقدس للمندائيون
ويتبع المندائيون كتاب “كنزا ربا” أو الكنز الكبير، والذي يحوي صحف آدم الأولى وتعاليمه باللغة الآرامية الشرقية التي تعتبر لغة الصابئة، ويحوي الكتاب جزأين، الأول: خاص بالأمور الدنيوية من وصايا وحكم ومفاهيم، والجزء الثاني خاص بالنفس بعد وفاتها ورحلتها من الجسد الفاني إلى أصلها، وهو عالم النور.
ومن أهمّ أسرار الديانة المندائيّة هي البراخا (الصلاة)، صوما ربا (الصوم) لتنقية النفس من شوائبها، وزدقا (الصدقة) وهي تقاسم النعمة والحياة مع الخلق، والمصبتا (التعميد) وهو التجديد والولادة الجديدة في حياة الربّ.

طقوس المندائية 
بحسب الخبير في الديانة المندائية علي فائز فان جميع الطقوس المندائية ترتبط ارتباطاً وثيقاً بالماء. وفيما يتعلّق بزيهم الديني وعلاقتهم بالماء فيقول ان أحد نصوصهم المقدسة الواردة في كنزاربا (ص 61) “يا أصفيائي: البسوا الأبيض، واكتسوا الأبيض، ألبسة الضياء وأردية النور، واعتمّوا بعمائم بيض كالأكاليل الزاهية، وانتطقوا بأحزمة الماء الحي، التي يحملها الأثريون، وانتعلوا واحملوا بأيديكم صولجانات مثل صولجانات الماء الحي التي يحملها الأثريون في بلد النور”.
وفي هذه الطقوس يرتدي المندائيون الزي الأبيض أثناء إحياء مراسيم التعميد، عن طريق إدخال المعتمد إلى النهر وإخراجه لكي يغتسل من ذنوبه وخطاياه، وأثناء ذلك يرتلون بعض الصلوات الدينية، عندها يخرج المعتمد كأنه ورقة بيضاء قد اغتسل من كل الذنوب.
ويعزو المندائيون سبب ارتداء الزي الأبيض أثناء إحياء شعائر الطقوس الدينية إلى لباس النبي يحيى بن زكريا -الذي يعده المندائيون نبيهم- وهو شعار ممتد إلى النبي آدم، حيث تمثل هذه الثياب “النور والضياء وفيها بهجة وضياء للنفس”.
كان هاجس الحياة والموت يسيطر على عقول المندائيّين، فشغلهم الموت أكثر ممّا فعلته الحياة، وذلك لرغبة منهم في معرفة حقيقة مصيرهم في الحياة الأخرى. وما الصلوات والطقوس التي تُقام لراحة نفوس الموتى، إلا تأكيد على اعتقادهم بخلود النفس في العالم الآخر.
والموت لديهم هو الذهاب بعيدًا إلى حيث لا نرى ولا نُرى. ويعتقدون بعالم مثاليّ يسمّونه “مشونيَ كُشطه” (Msunia Kusta)، معزول عن هذه الدنيا، غير أرضيّ، يوجد فيه النظير لكلّ شيء في العالم المادي.
تقول المديرة العامة السابقة لأوقاف الصابئة المندائيين نادية مغامس ان “الكثير يحملون صورا نمطية خاطئة عن الصابئة ويجب تغييرها، إذ يتهمهم البعض بعبادة الكواكب والنجوم بسبب قبلتهم تجاه القطب الشمالي، أو أنهم يخنقون الحيوانات الميتة ليأكلوها، وغيرها من التفاصيل البعيدة عنهم”.
وتضيف أن “هذه المفاهيم الخاطئة عرضت الكثير من أبناء الطائفة للتعنيف والاضطهاد على مر الزمن، لذا اضطروا الى ترجمة كتبهم المقدسة إلى العربية لأول مرة في التاريخ قبل 25 عاما بهدف نشر حقيقة المندائيين، ووقف التصرفات غير الإنسانية بحقهم، وإثبات توحيدهم لله وحده”.
واجهت هذه الأقلية العراقية تحديات بعد العام 2003 بسبب تصاعد أعمال العنف واستهداف الأقليات في العراق، الأمر الذي اضطر أعدادا كبيرة منهم إلى الهجرة الداخلية أو الخارجية بحثا عن الأمان.
ورغم غياب الإحصائيات الرسمية بخصوص عدد أبناء الطائفة المندائية في العراق إلا أن الكثير من الخبراء قدروا عددهم سابقا بنحو 1500 عائلة في جنوب العراق فقط، لم يبق منهم سوى بضع مئات حاليا.

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