بعد 3 شهور من الحرب..ماذا ينتظر السودان من صراع الجنرالات ؟
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مع اندلاع الصراع السوداني منتصف أبريل الماضي، كانت التوقعات تشير إلي أنها مجرد خلافات بين حلفاء سرعان ما ستنتهي بتدخل القوي الإقليمية ودول الجوار، ولكن مرت الأيام ودخلت الحرب شهرها الثالث دون أفق واضح أو بادرة أمل في نهاية قريبة بل ربما كل المؤشرات تقود إلي توقعات متشائمة تنتظر السودان وشعبها مع استمرار الحرب..فإلي أين تتجه الأحداث بالسودان خلال الفترة المقبلة ؟
وبحسب تقارير صحفية فقد تسبّب النزاع الذي تفجر في 15 أبريل الماضي، بمقتل أكثر من 2000 شخص، وفق آخر أرقام مشروع بيانات الأحداث وموقع النزاع المسلح (أكليد). إلا أن الأعداد الفعليّة قد تكون أعلى بكثير، حسب وكالات إغاثة ومنظّمات دوليّة.
كذلك دفعت المعارك أكثر من 2,2 مليون شخص إلى النزوح، لجأ أكثر من 528 ألفا منهم إلى دول الجوار، وفق المنظمة الدولية للهجرة.
.وفي سياق متصل، أكدت الآلية الثلاثية المكونة من الأمم المتحدة والاتحاد الإفريقي والهيئة الحكومية الدولية المعنية بالتنمية (إيغاد)، الأحد 18 مايو/ آيار ، أن نحو نصف سكان السودان يحتاجون إلى المساعدة الإنسانية والحماية.
وأضافت الآلية في بيان نشرته البعثة الأممية في السودان أن من الضروري إيصال المساعدات إلى ملايين المحتاجين مع دخول الصراع بين الجيش وقوات الدعم السريع شهره الثالث.
كما أوضحت أن نحو 1.7 مليون شخص نزحوا داخل السودان، بينما لجأ ما يقرب من نصف مليون شخص إلى البلدان المجاورة، مشيرة إلى أن “العدد المتزايد من الضحايا والمصابين إلى جانب الدمار الواسع النطاق للممتلكات وسبل العيش أمر مقلق للغاية”.
وبحسب مراقبون، فإن الأوضاع في السودان ربما تسير نحو أوضاع أكثر مأساوية مع دخول الحرب الشهر الثالث ووجود احتمالية كبيرة لعدم وجود نهاية قريبة للصراع.
ويري رامي زهدي الباحث المتخصص في الشؤون الإفريقية أن الأزمة السودانية مع دخولها الشهر الثالث تزداد تعقيدا يوما بعد يوم، معتبرا أن المرحلة الأصعب لم تأت بعد.
وقال زهدي : “المشكلة أن هناك فصل بين الصراع العسكري والأزمة الإنسانية وكأن كلاهما لا يرتبطان بالأخر، مشيرا إلي أن الأزمة الإنسانية تزداد سوءا بمرور الأيام، وحتى العائلات والأفراد الذىن حافظوا على تماسكهم خلال الفترة الماضية لم يعد بقدرتهم التماسك بعد هذه المدة، كما إن إمكانيات اللجوء والنزوح والفرار لم تعد متاحة بنفس القدر كما كان فى السابق”.
طول آمد الصراع
ويري الباحث “أن طول أمد الصراع يهدد الدولة السودانية والشعب السوداني فضلا عن أكثر من 20 دولة أخري” .
وأوضح: “طول أمد الصراع يمثل مزيد من الاستنزاف للإمكانيات والقدرات السودانية التي هي في الأساس منهكة وضعيقة وتعاني عبر سنوات طويلة، كما يمثل استنزاف للشعب وطاقاته وصبره وإمكانياته، كما تمثل استنزاف لطاقة وإمكانيات الدول المجاورة التي تعاني من الأزمة بالسودان، لافتا إلي أن هناك أكثر من 7 دول جوار، وأكثر من 17 دولة أخري لها علاقات تجارية وإقتصادية مع السودان تتاُثر بالحرب بشكل مباشر وغير مباشر”.
ويعتقد الباحث” أنه مع مرور الوقت، وانشغال العالم بصراعات أخري ربما يقل الاهتمام بالأزمة السودانية، خاصة أن كل الهدنات التي تم الاتفاق عليها لم يتم الإلتزام بها، ولا يوجد بارقة أمل فى تراجع أحد الطرفين”.
وبحسب زهدي فإن “أحد أهم أسباب الأزمة أن كلا الطرفين يريد إطالة الحرب، فالدعم السريع تعتبر أن طول المعركة إنتصارا لها، والجيش السوداني يري أنه يحتاج بعض الوقت للقصاء نهائيا على قوات الدعم السريع وإلحاق الهزيمة بها”.
ويضيف الباحث ” المشكلة أيضا أن الجهود الدولية لحل الأزمة مثل التحركات السعودية والأمريكية لا تتحدث عن حل سياسي شامل ولكنها تبحث فرص تهدئة أو تقليل الأعمال العدائية وفتح ممرات آمنة للمدنيين فقط، لافتا إلي أن كلا الطرفين يستخدم هذه الهدنات كمرحلة استعداد لاستئناف المعارك مرة أخري”.
مزيد من التعقيد
وحذر الباحث من “إن الأزمة السودانية تتجه لمرحلة جديدة من التعقيد خاصة بعد مقتل والي دارفور معتبرا ان تلك الحادثة تنذر بدخول البلاد فى مرحلة صراعات عرقية وقبلية وهي مرحلة لو بدأت فإن دائرة الصراع لن تنتهي، نظرا لما تمتلكه هذه القبائل والعشائر والقوميات من قوة وسلاح وتمركز على الأرض ولن تتوقف هذه الحروب خاصة أن هذه القوميات والقبائل لا تمتلك إطار تفاوضي أو سياسي ولا تجيد سوي القتال العسكري.
ويري “أن دخول هذه القبائل والعشائر فى الصراع قد يقود بالسودان لمرحلة لا تحمد عقباها خاصة أنها خلال الفترة الماضية كانت تلتزم الحياد ولم تدعم أيا من الطرفين”.
الحل مازال ممكنا
ويؤمن زهدي أن “الحل مازال ممكنا ولكن لابد من تدخل القوي المدنية والشعبية السودانية بدعم دولي كطرف مؤثر فى حسم الصراع للوصول لمرحلة وقف الصراع بشكل كامل أولا ثم خروج الأطراف المتصارعة كأشخاص من المشهد السياسي، والحفاظ على قوام المؤسسة العسكرية كأحد مؤسسات الدولة الرسمية على أن يكون الدعم السريع جزء من هذه المؤسسة”.
وشدد الباحث على أنه “لابد من حل سياسي متكامل ومشاركة أطراف أخري فى الوصول لهذه الحلول كأطراف عن القوي المدنية وممثلين عن الشعب السوداني والنقابات المهنية، مشيرا إلي أن الفصل بين القوات المتصارعة والشعب لا تعطي أى أمل في الوصول للحل”.
المستفيد من الحرب
وبحسب زهدي فإن “المستفيد الأكبر من إطالة أمد الصراع داخليا هو الدعم السريع الذى يدرك قياداته أنها لن تستطيع هزيمة الجيش ولكنه يسعي لحرب طويلة للحصول على فرص تفاوضية تمنحه وضع أفضل” .
ويؤكد خبير الشؤون الأفريقية أن “هناك دور إقليمي ودولي وراء استمرار الصراع بالسودان، وهناك دول من مصلحتها بقاء الوضع الحالي دون حل وأن يبقي السودان جسد مريض لا يموت ولا يتعافي.
واعتبر أن “هناك دول تمارس سياسات غير شريفة تجاه السودان وتحاول استغلال ثرواته والسيطرة عليها استراتيجيا وعسكريا أو تقسيمها وإقامة قواعد عسكرية بها بسبب أن السودان تطل على منطقة البحر الأحمر التي وصفها بأخطر منطقة فى العالم وبالتالي قيام الصراع من الأساس واستمراره تقف وراءه أطراف خارجية وهناك مصالح مختلفة لدول مختلفة في المنطقة مشددا على أن القوي المتحاربة مجرد أدوات بيد تلك الأطراف”.
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